Therapeutic Potential of Citrus Flavonoids in Metabolic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Kintuza Lumwako Tebulo

Faculty of Medicine Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Metabolic inflammation, or meta-inflammation, is a low-grade chronic inflammatory state associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and insulin resistance (IR). Recent evidence highlights the role of bioactive compounds, particularly citrus flavonoids, in modulating metabolic pathways and inflammatory responses. Citrus flavonoids, such as hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, exhibit diverse biological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing effects. This review consolidates current findings on the molecular mechanisms through which citrus flavonoids exert protective effects against metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. These compounds target multiple signaling pathways including NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/Akt, and PPARγ, thereby regulating cytokine expression, glucose uptake, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Clinical and preclinical studies are also discussed, providing insight into the translational potential of citrus flavonoids as adjuncts in the management of metabolic diseases. Furthermore, challenges in bioavailability and future research directions aimed at enhancing the efficacy of these natural compounds are highlighted. Overall, citrus flavonoids represent a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating metabolic inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity.

Keywords: Citrus flavonoids, metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, hesperidin, naringenin, NF-κB, AMPK, oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes mellitus

CITE AS: Kintuza Lumwako Tebulo. (2025). Therapeutic Potential of Citrus Flavonoids in Metabolic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 4(3): 23-29. https://doi.org/10.59298/ROJESR/2025/4.3.2329