The Role of the Immune System in Tissue Repair and Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review
Nabuuma Ruth Nambi
Faculty of Pharmacy Kampala International University Uganda
Email: nambi.nabuuma@studwc.kiu.ac.ug
ABSTRACT
Tissue repair and regeneration are crucial biological processes that restore the structure and function of damaged tissues. While traditionally viewed as a system primarily responsible for defending against pathogens, the immune system plays a pivotal role in mediating tissue repair and regeneration. Immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and mast cells, coordinate the complex stages of healing, from the initial inflammatory response to tissue remodeling. These immune cells interact with resident tissue cells and secrete cytokines and growth factors that regulate cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and scar formation. Macrophages, in particular, are versatile, shifting between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) states to support different phases of healing. Dysregulation of immune responses can lead to chronic inflammation or excessive fibrosis, impairing proper tissue repair. Recent advancements in understanding the immune mechanisms involved in tissue regeneration have opened new therapeutic avenues for enhancing healing in cases of chronic wounds, heart damage, and other conditions with limited regenerative capacity. This review explores the roles of immune cells and signaling molecules in tissue repair, highlighting their potential as targets for therapies that promote regeneration and reduce fibrosis. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and future directions in the field of regenerative medicine, including personalized immune modulation and biomaterials that enhance immune-mediated healing.
Keywords: Tissue regeneration, Immune system, Macrophages, Cytokines, Inflammation
CITE AS: Nabuuma Ruth Nambi. (2024). The Role of the Immune System in Tissue Repair and Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Research Output Journal of Public Health and Medicine 4(3):47-51. https://doi.org/10.59298/ROJPHM/2024/434751