The Future of Vaccinology: Engineering New Vaccines

Katu Amina H.

School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International Uganda

ABSTRACT

Vaccinology has undergone a transformative evolution from its early empirical roots to a modern, highly interdisciplinary science driven by molecular biology, bioinformatics, and systems immunology. This paper explores the historical milestones and current technological advancements in vaccine development, with a particular focus on reverse and structural vaccinology, virus-like particles (VLPs), and genome-based approaches. Despite tremendous progress, vaccine development remains complex, expensive, and time-consuming, particularly for pathogens like HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, which require more advanced strategies to elicit strong cellular immune responses. The role of immunology is crucial in designing effective vaccines, as it informs both antigen selection and delivery mechanisms. Emerging trends, such as vaccinomics and personalized vaccination, offer promise for tailoring immune responses and increasing efficacy. However, ethical concerns, vaccine hesitancy, logistical barriers, and unequal global access continue to challenge implementation. Global initiatives, particularly in low-resource settings, emphasize the need for coordinated efforts among governments, industry, and international health organizations. Ultimately, the future of vaccinology will be defined by the integration of innovative technologies, equitable distribution strategies, and global health priorities.

Keywords: Vaccinology, Reverse vaccinology, Structural vaccinology, Virus-like particles (VLPs), Vaccine engineering, Immunology, Vaccine development, Personalized vaccines.

CITE AS: Katu Amina H. (2025). The Future of Vaccinology: Engineering New Vaccines. Research Output Journal of Biological and Applied Science 5(3):119-125. https://doi.org/10.59298/ROJBAS/2025/53119125