Novel Insecticides and Resistance Challenges

Mugo Moses H.

School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Insecticides remain indispensable tools in global agriculture and vector control; however, resistance evolution among pest species poses a major threat to their long-term efficacy. This paper examines the dynamics of insecticide resistance and emerging strategies to mitigate it, focusing on rotation of insecticides, resistant crop varieties, regulatory oversight, and innovative formulations. Insecticide rotation alternating compounds with different modes of action has proven effective in delaying resistance onset in pests such as Diaphorina citri and Plutella xylostella. Similarly, the use of genetically resistant crop varieties provides sustainable pest suppression through mechanisms like antibiosis and tolerance. Regulatory and safety frameworks govern the approval and deployment of novel insecticides, ensuring risk assessment, toxicological review, and environmental safety. Recent advancements include the development of biologically derived insecticides, micro- and nano-formulations, and targeted delivery systems that minimize non-target exposure while maintaining field efficacy. Nevertheless, economic, environmental, and public health risks necessitate rigorous evaluation before widespread adoption. Public perception, education, and stakeholder engagement play decisive roles in the acceptance and success of new insecticidal technologies. Awareness campaigns and participatory frameworks enhance understanding and encourage responsible usage. Globally, regulatory differences across regions including restrictions on neonicotinoids in the European Union and tolerance-based policies in the United States reflect varying priorities in balancing productivity with ecological safety. Future directions emphasize integrated pest management (IPM), improved formulation design, advanced risk modeling, and multi-sectoral cooperation. A global shift toward innovation, sustainability, and informed regulation is essential to mitigate resistance, preserve ecosystem integrity, and ensure the continued viability of insecticidal technologies for agriculture and public health.

Keywords: Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM), Novel Insecticides, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Risk Assessment and Regulation and Stakeholder Engagement and Public Perception.

CITE AS: Mugo Moses H. (2025). Novel Insecticides and Resistance Challenges. Research Output Journal of Biological and Applied Science 5(3):34-45.https://doi.org/10.59298/ROJBAS/2025/533445