Modulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Flavonoids: Implications for Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance

Kagambira Zimbuga M.

Faculty of Medicine Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is a critical factor in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue inflammation is characterized by immune cell infiltration, particularly macrophages, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, which interfere with insulin signaling pathways. Flavonoids, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in various fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods, have gained significant attention for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review explores the mechanistic role of flavonoids in modulating adipose tissue inflammation and their therapeutic potential in improving insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. We highlight the molecular pathways influenced by flavonoids, including NF-κB, JNK, MAPKs, and AMPK signaling, and discuss their effects on macrophage polarization, adipokine regulation, oxidative stress, and insulin signaling. Evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials is presented to support the beneficial impact of flavonoids such as quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), luteolin, and apigenin. Despite promising preclinical data, challenges such as low bioavailability and interindividual variability in response remain to be addressed. Future research should focus on optimizing flavonoid formulations and identifying synergistic combinations to maximize their efficacy in metabolic disease prevention and management.

Keywords: Flavonoids; Adipose tissue inflammation; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Cytokines; Macrophage polarization; NF-κB; AMPK; Oxidative stress

CITE AS: Kagambira Zimbuga M. (2025). Modulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Flavonoids: Implications for Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance. Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 4(3): 71-76. https://doi.org/10.59298/ROJESR/2025/4.3.7176